i vision future interaction

i vision future interaction

       感谢大家提供这个i vision future interaction问题集合，让我有机会和大家交流和分享。我将根据自己的理解和学习，为每个问题提供清晰而有条理的回答。

1.专四作文押题

2.高分求达尔文进化论常识性英文简介

3.求原版英文文章

4.求关于社会化的英文材料，越多越好

5.describe a job you would like to do in the future

6.关于自主学习的英语作文

专四作文押题

        专四作文押题汇总

       　引导语：下面我给大家带来专四作文押题汇总，希望能够帮助到您，谢谢您的阅读，祝您阅读愉快。

       

押题一：对裸婚的接受程度

       　题目要求：

       　The following chart shows the different attitudes of men and women towards down-to-earth marriage. Look at the chart carefully and write your response in about 200 words, in which you should interpret the chart, state the reasons and give your comments.

       　Marks will be awarded for content relevance, content sufficiency, organization and language quality. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.

       　审题思路：

       　本题属于图表作文。从柱状图可以了解到男女两性对裸婚的不同态度。行文时首先简单描述图表内容，然后从男女对婚姻的要求及现实社会生活两方面具体分析男女不同的观点及成因，最后总结自己观点。

       　高分范文：

       　The Acceptance of Down-to-earth Marriage

       　The chart above clearly demonstrates the different attitudes towards down-to-earth marriage between men and women.

       　We can see clearly from the chart that the percentage of male respondents supporting the idea of down-to-earth marriage is much higher than that of female ones. There is no doubt that this reflects the difference between man and woman. For one thing, it lies in their different demands for marriage. The majority of women focus on the sense of security. After all, marriage is not equal to love, and the basic material foundation is necessary, especially after married. Meanwhile, they take material foundation as the reflection of man?s responsibility. For another, to some extent, it is the consequence of the actual social reality, such as the high living standard, high wedding cost and more free and independent minds. Taking into account what has been discussed above, we can arrive at the conclusion that the findings that men and women have distinct attitudes towards down-to-earth marriage are consistent with the differences between the two genders as well as with the development of society.

       　I believe that the percentage of people supporting the so-called down-to-earth marriage will change constantly as time goes on.

押题二：应减少明星真人秀吗?

       　题目要求：

       　With the popularity of reality shows, more and more stars or celebrities are seen on various TV entertainment programs. Some people strongly advise to reduce star reality shows, for the fear that the universal entertainment will exert bad influence on our behavior. What is your idea of star reality shows?

       　Write a composition of about 200 words on the following topic:

       　Should Star Reality Shows Be Decreased?

       　Marks will be awarded for content relevance, content sufficiency, organization and language quality. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.

       　审题思路：

       　本题是一个观点论证型题目，核心问题是如何看待明星真人秀。有两个基本观点：明星真人秀是成功的商业运作，无论对经济还是观众都是有益的;应该减少明星真人秀，因其会使我们进入全民娱乐时代，不利于提升国民素质。可根据以下思路展开写作：

       　思路1：不应该减少明星真人秀。

       　首先，很多节目会促使观众关注之前忽略或不够重视的东西，比如亲子教育、节俭生活、体育精神等。其次，明星的'?名人效应?会提高一些偏远地区的曝光率，推动当地旅游业以及经济发展。

       　思路2：应该减少明星真人秀。

       　太多的明星真人秀会造成全民娱乐，不利于国民素质的提升。很多节目专注于?秀?，通过曝光明星隐私、故意增加明星之间的冲突等来夺人眼球，节目不仅毫无质量而且对观众易造成负面影响。另外，从成本上来说，明星真人秀成本太大，而有时收效却甚微，不如将这些资源投入到更具教育性、更有意义的节目中。

       　范文选择思路1。分别以?爸爸去哪儿?和?奔跑吧，兄弟?为例，分析明星真人秀给观众和经济增长带来的益处。最后指出，根据优胜劣汰的规律，不必刻意减少明星真人秀的数量，因为不好的节目自然会被淘汰。

       　本题讨论是否应该只奖励优等生。在具体行文方面，考生首先要总结材料，简要概述正反双方的观点。然后给出自己的观点：不应该只奖励优等生，还应奖励学习进步的学生。最后总结全文。

       　高分范文：

       　Should Star Reality Shows Be Decreased?

       　Since stars or celebrities often have great charisma to attract and affect ordinary people, those reality shows they attend can arouse our reflection and discussion on some issues we may have ignored before.

       　Let?s take the example of a well-known star reality show ?Dad, Where Are We Going Not only does the program trigger our precious memory about care and love from fathers, but different ways of interaction between star fathers and their children bring about a fierce discussion about the family education and let us rethink the way we get along with our families.

       　In addition, star reality shows, to some extent, have been used recently as an important way to introduce China?s regions and to promote tourism of the place where they have been filmed. When ?Chinese Running Man?, a reality TV show that gets popular Chinese stars to complete different tasks outdoors, filmed a segment in Dunhuang, Gansu province, it brought a lot of good publicity to the area. After the show was broadcast, there were hundreds of news reports on Gansu and thus it attracted thousands of tourists throughout the country.

       　It is unnecessary to fix our eyes on tiny shortcomings of some star reality shows because, on the one hand, programs demonstrating what the society wants and needs will definitely retain and if not, they will finally vanish from sight; on the other hand, many star reality shows benefit the audience and the economic growth.

押题三：是否应该只奖励优等生?

       　题目要求：

       　Should we only reward the best students? This has been intensely discussed for years. The following are the supporters? and opponents? opinions. Read carefully the opinions from both sides and write your response in about 200 words, in which you should first summarize briefly the opinions from both sides and give your views on the issue.

       　Marks will be awarded for content relevance, content sufficiency, organization and language quality. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.

       　YES

       　It is reasonable to offer prizes to the high-level performers. This is because one needs to pay a greater amount of effort than others in order to earn a higher grade in the exams.

       　Top performers normally act as a facilitator to encourage other students to work harder and they can create a competitive learning environment at the school. Rendering those elite students rewards like scholarships or honors has been justified as a feasible way to inspire students.

       　Academic study is also a kind of competition, which should abide by the rule of fairness and reward the best performers.

       　NO

       　Those best students are relatively few in a class. If we only pay attention to those high-level learners and ignore the rest of the students, their enthusiasm for study, to a large degree, might be reduced.

       　It is necessary for teachers to give certain awards to those who put considerable efforts in the study. The extrinsic reward provided to them is a motivator for further study since a sense of accomplishment can boost their confidence and help them get great improvements in later study.

       　Those who have made improvements in their study should be rewarded because it is a kind of recognition of their efforts and industry.

       　审题思路:

       　本题讨论是否应该只奖励优等生。在具体行文方面，考生首先要总结材料，简要概述正反双方的观点。然后给出自己的观点：不应该只奖励优等生，还应奖励学习进步的学生。最后总结全文。

       　高分范文：

       　Should We Only Reward the Best Students?

       　Rewarding top students is normally considered as an effective approach to recognize their achievements and inspire other students. But some people argue that although the best students deserve to be rewarded, it is more important to encourage those who show remarkable improvement since they have paid unremitting effort in their study.

       　My stand is that prizes should also be awarded to students who make conspicuous progress in their academic study. Firstly, education is based on the belief that it will make people more excellent, and encouraging those most improved students will be one of the best ways to fulfill that goal. Moreover, students differ greatly in their talents and living environment. Students from poverty-stricken families may not prevail over the best ones in study, but that doesn?t mean they can?t succeed in their future career. Therefore, spiritual or economic encouragement is likely to stimulate them to tackle seemingly impossible tasks. In addition, to reward the most improved students can not only boost their confidence but also enhance students? competitive spirit.

       　In sum, only rendering outstanding students rewards may dampen the others? enthusiasm, so to encourage both types of students will be a feasible way to establish aspiring learning atmosphere.

        押题四：是否应该让年轻人担任政府要职?

       　题目要求：

       　Should young people undertake important positions in the government? This issue has been intensely discussed for years. The following are the supporters? and opponents? opinions. Read carefully the opinions from both sides and write your response in about 200 words, in which you should first summarize briefly the opinions from both sides and give your views on the issue.

       　Marks will be awarded for content relevance, content sufficiency, organization and language quality. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.

       　YES

       　Young leaders who have been well educated are more likely to have a deeper understanding of cultural difference, and they can empathize with other employees and clients much better. Today, empathy plays a key role in retention of talents.

       　Compared with the senior leaders, young directors can apply the latest technology and theory into practice, and this can counteract negative stereotype of management and greatly improve productivity.

       　A distinct merit emerging from youngsters working on such positions is the improvement of government efficiency. Admittedly, a majority of governmental agencies are thirsty for high-efficiency operation so that they can provide better services for the public.

       　NO

       　Youngsters might make incorrect decisions that hamper government work due to their lack of work experience and analyzing capabilities when facing significant problems.

       　Elderly people have better cognitive skills, such as big-picture thinking and long-term vision. It is because years of work experience and failures teach them to take every aspect into consideration before making important decisions.

       　Since the senior leaders have already overcome countless difficulties and challenges prior, they can quickly adjust their mood in turmoil and lift the morale of the whole organization.

       　审题思路:

       　本题讨论是否应该让年轻人担任政府要职。在具体行文方面，考生首先要总结概述正反方的观点。然后给出自己的观点：尽管年长的领导者更有威信和影响力，但还是应该让更多的年轻人担任政府要职。最后总结全文，重申观点。

       　高分范文：

       　Should Young People Undertake Important Positions in the Government?

       　Nowadays, whether young people should hold important posts in the government has become a controversial issue. Many citizens tend to distrust young leaders? working abilities due to their age and inexperience. However, some people believe that youngsters are eligible for leadership roles because of their innovation and vitality.

       　From my point of view, I?m inclined to elect young people as leaders although older leaders have more credibility and influence. To begin with, young leaders can take more decisive measures to tackle corruption and neglect of duty since they have less interpersonal problems to worry about. Moreover, with youngsters undertaking senior positions, efficiency in handling affairs will be highly improved so as to keep the government innovative and productive. Finally, young leaders are more open-minded and easier to take in new things, which can facilitate the enforcement of new policies.

       　To sum up, old leaders have to be continually replaced by new ones, which is an unalterable law of nature, so young people should be given opportunities to exercise leadership. And yet there is no denying that young leaders have a lot to learn from the old, since the senior leaders have rich work experience and long-term vision.

押题五：环境问题是否靠个人的努力无法解决?

       　题目要求：

       　Are the environmental problems too big for individuals to solve? This matter has been intensely discussed for years. The following are the supporters? and opponents? opinions. Read carefully the opinions from both sides and write your response in about 200 words, in which you should first summarize briefly the opinions from both sides and give your views on the issue.

       　Marks will be awarded for content relevance, content sufficiency, organization and language quality. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.

       　YES

       　No matter how small personal involvement in environmental conservation might be, it is an unshakable obligation for everyone to safeguard the environment.

       　It is known that environment contamination and conservation are long-term problems, and no single government or big company can meet this challenge alone. As such, whoever created the environment problem should be responsible for solving it; environment protection needs every one of us to continuously participate in.

       　The public?s wills and behaviors have an important influence on government?s policies and companies? strategies. For example, if everyone says ?No? to plastic shopping bags and paper cups, then the companies that manufacture such products will switch to environmental-friendly substitutes in order to survive in the market.

       　In some cases, the lighter sentences might also lead to people?s resentment towards the judicial system as victims might argue that these young offenders do not confess what they have done. This could also result in insecurity in our society eventually.

       　NO

       　Some severe environmental pollution, such as global warming or sea contamination, might fail to be resolved only by personal effort. In this case, the government plays a challenging but inescapable role in environmental management because the government is the only legalized institution that may formulate legislation related to environmental problems.

       　The government can enact laws and introduce programs to raise public awareness of low-carbon.

       　Big companies have outstanding advantages in finance and technology, which give them the possibility to reduce pollution. For instance, some big companies can improve their production process to recycle the waste.

       　审题思路:

       　本题讨论环境问题是否靠个人的努力无法解决。在具体行文方面，考生首先要总结概述正反方的观点。然后给出自己的观点：环境问题的解决需要个人和政府共同付出努力，两者相辅相成，缺一不可。最后总结全文。

       　高分范文：

       　Are the Environmental Problems Too Big for Individuals to Solve?

       　Since our earth is faced with the unprecedented environmental challenge, environmental protection has become an urgent issue for governments and ordinary people. Some people are of the opinion that no effort is too small in terms of environmental protection because it needs everyone?s help and participation to optimize the living surroundings. However, there are different voices insisting that only governments and large companies can make a difference in solving the problem.

       　Personally I hold the perspective that the joint efforts of both governments and individuals are indispensable in settling environmental concerns fundamentally and neither can work effectively without the other. For one thing, governments? regulations and supervision can make full use of the considerable manpower and material resources consistently devoted to tackling environmental contamination. For another, without the participation of common people, every green policy enacted by the authorities will end in failure because it is human activities that have the greatest influence on the environment through all recorded history.

       　All in all, individual support plays an important role in implementing governmental policies on environmental improvement and resisting the acts of destroying environment. In the meantime, the government should also shoulder its responsibility to make its people live in a safer and healthier environment.

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高分求达尔文进化论常识性英文简介

       Intermediate business of commercial banks and the development of intermediate business of commercial banks in China with a comprehensive international comparison

       The middle of a commercial banking business development activities because of

       1.1 an inevitable choice for commercial banks

        Intermediate business of commercial banks and the rapid development of the emergence of the underlying reasons are not only driven, but also the result of external factors. First of all, the international community to enter the countries have relaxed controls, the liberalization of banking and international trends, including greatly to the middle of the business, including the pace of financial innovation; Second, market competition has also promoted the development of intermediary business, traditional business of commercial banks not only faced competition in the same industry, and along with the development of capital market countries, greatly increased the proportion of direct financing, the traditional commercial banks assets, liabilities, business increasingly showing a "sunset industry" the decline, therefore, commercial banks were forced to carry out new business innovation to create a new source of profits; again, the middle of business innovation is the result of market demand, due to frequent fluctuations in interest rates and exchange rates, enterprises and commercial banks in which the uncertainty of economic environment, increasing the risk of which the effective management tools, in particular, a number of financial derivatives had a demand for the development of the banking intermediary business that is risk management in order to satisfy customers, as well as other diversified financial services; Finally, the banks have their own advantages, as well as 20 practical information technology since the 80's the development and extensive use of commercial banks for the development of intermediary business possible. February 1987 at Northwestern University in the United States held a deposit-taking institutions on asset securitization and the risk of development of intermediary business seminar, a scholar on the development of commercial banks in the middle of a large number of business reasons for concluding, that is, commercial banks the development of intermediary business and technology, control, interest rate risk, customer competition, factors such as capital adequacy ratio are closely related.

       1.2 The significance of the development of intermediary business

        (A) can be extended into a commercial bank intermediary function, to expand their business scale.

        (B) commercial banks can spread business risks, and enhance the bank's ability to resist risks.

        (C) can play a variety of business, "bundling" effect to enhance the competitiveness of the banks. Intermediate business of commercial banks between other business interaction and mutual influence, and the development of intermediary business for the banks not only bring direct profits, but also with other business, the second interaction of the market to enhance the competitiveness of banks.

       Second, commercial banks in the development of intermediary business

       2.1 The broader business scope, a wide variety.

       Western countries of the middle-run commercial banks and a wide variety of products to meet the diverse needs of customers, the commercial banks for the new business innovation. The scope of business covered by the middle of the traditional banking, trust services, investment banking, mutual funds and insurance business. They can engage in money market operations, but also can engage in discounting commercial paper and capital markets business.

       Gradually expand the business scale of 2.2, rising income levels.

       From 1993 to 1996 among the U.S. banking business grew from 912 billion U.S. dollars to 12.188 trillion U.S. dollars, accounting for bank assets from 78% to 142.9%, of which the seven largest banks in the middle of the business lending per cent more than doubled and more. Living in the forefront of the U.S. banking industry, Citigroup, the Americas, such as the middle of the five major banking groups involved in the operational activities of the total assets of more than 2.2 trillion U.S. dollars has the same period, assets and liabilities that banks under the total assets of 780 billion U.S. dollars for the capital sum for the 45 billion U.S. dollars; intermediary business 3 years the average growth rate to 54.2%, much higher than the 9 percent average annual total assets and total capital at an average annual growth rate of 21.6 percent. ①

       2.3 Middle-income structure of the business change.

       Western commercial banks from 1980 to 1990 of 10 years, the total income of non-spread revenue rapid upward trend in both. The middle of foreign banks operating income generally accounts for 40% of total revenue -50%. Acceptance in the United States, Citibank, credit investigation, credit rating companies, assets evaluation business, personal financial advisor business, long-term foreign exchange trading, foreign exchange futures, foreign exchange options, and other intermediary business represented 80 percent brought their profits deposit and lending business profits accounted for only 20% of the total profits. ②

       2.4 Service means of advanced and high technology.

       Improvement in the level of science and technology for the development of intermediate business of commercial banks to provide a strong foundation for technical support and innovation, especially in recent years can be at any time and any place in any way to provide customers with personalized service network of banks, the emergence of Internet banking promoted the development of intermediary business. With the international advanced banking payment system on its strong business in the middle was a huge amount of service fee revenue.

       Third, commercial banks Analysis of intermediate products

       3.1 Clearing-type intermediate products

        Clearing products are usually divided into promissory notes, bills of exchange, the three types of checks. Settlement of funds between the time of the settlement act, for the customers, the main demand is to use the banking clearing system, security and timely transfer of funds. Settlement is therefore a means of clearing operations to ensure the successful completion of an important link. On the characteristics of the clearing business, its risk may come from three aspects: customer risk factors, risk factors of post and telecommunications sector and banking risk factors. For the banks, the first two banks of external risks, which is the bank's internal risk. ③

       3.2 security type of intermediate products

        With the development of international trade, the Western commercial banks faster development of the security business, including standby letters of credit, guarantee the payment, performance bond, bid security, supervision, such as payment by the common varieties. Chinese and foreign commercial banks, the security business is production of the intermediate business with commercial banks to carry out security operations is the use of banks to provide credit support, that one has to bear because of the risks associated with credit support.

       Intermediate goods 3.3 Management

        Mainly divided into the banking business, safe operations, Personal Financial Services. Since the last century is the era, as the world's financial system, industry structure, organizational structure, operational modalities and competition is undergoing a profound transformation. The changes in the traditional banking, securities, insurance, trust business increasingly blurred boundaries between the business, while seeking to promote and strengthen the commercial banking and financial activities of globalization and virtual organizations, the banks of the insurance industry to flourish here development. With the development of the world economy, personal financial services showing a huge space for development. And personal financial services customers of commercial banks is the core personal financial services in the commercial banks to the "financial services supermarket" the process of development, personal financial services of commercial banks at home and abroad has become the focal point of retail business one.

       3.4 Advisory type of intermediate products

        Intermediary business consulting category refers to the transfer, sale information and provide intelligence services to the main contents of the intermediary business. Commercial banks on their own information, talent, credibility and other areas, the collection and presentation of information and information of these customers, as well as banks and financial analysis of campaign records to form a system of information and programs made available to customers, one to meet their management or business development needs. Include: credit, corporate credit rating, assets evaluation business and financial information; business and personal financial advisor business; business consultant business investment and financing, including financing and the international syndicated loan arrangement.

       3.5 bank cards, online banking intermediate products

        Bank credit card is the issue of commercial banks to the community with consumer credit, debit settlement, access to cash in whole or in part, such as a credit payment function. Its fast development, many countries have become an important business, many banks and the major source of profit for variety. Internet banking is a banking service to provide customers with new tools, which the existing banking business, based on the use of Internet technology to provide customers with comprehensive, consent, security, real-time financial services. Internet banking is not only a banking innovation is the organizational structure of a bank穿心At the same time, the emergence of Internet banking so that the expansion of commercial banks to find new channels for the middle of the business.

       Fourth, the middle of the latest developments in the direction of business

       Securitization of credit assets 4.1

        Securitization of credit assets refers to a group of poor liquidity through a portfolio of assets, so that this group of assets to generate stable and predictable cash flow proceeds through the intermediary of certain credit enhancement, the proceeds of these assets the right to change as flows in the financial markets, higher credit rating of bond-type securities. In essence, will be financing the securitization of future cash proceeds of the assets and the corresponding right to transfer the risk to investors, and the transfer of ownership of the assets may not be entirely. ④

       4.2 fund business

        A long time, China's commercial banks to develop intermediary business not as a main industry and the new profit growth point to run, but also our country's strict separation of management and other factors, so that the development of the banking sector has been greater restrictions. A direct consequence of these restrictions is that domestic commercial banks and weak financial innovation. Have been carried out in the middle of the retail business of the development of varieties, not to profit maximization as the goal, but as absorbing as a means of customer deposits, which resulted in business receipts in the middle of the contribution rate for banks with low profit situation. Commercial banks in China's current total income, the proportion of all interest income more than 90%. This revenue structure is to enable the assets of China's commercial banks profitability in the last century since the 90's has been in a continuous downward trend in one of the main reasons. Studies have shown that commercial banks in the U.S. the average asset profit rate of China's four state-owned commercial banks average of 12.86 times. This shows that the middle of my business cards, many types of projects though, but their purpose and profit with the situation in Western developed countries, significant differences between the modern commercial banking business and a lot of content has yet to enter our field of vision. ⑥

       8, China's commercial banks lag in the middle of the reasons for business development

       8.1 on the traditional state-owned commercial businesses, as well as the long-term monopoly control of the central bank's interest rates led directly to commercial banks to create a modern inadequate.

        From abroad, the development of banking business, the increasingly intensified competition in the market forces and customers is to continuously strengthen the bank to speed up the expansion of the main reasons for non-margin business. China's banking industry from the historical path of development, the historical factors strangle a certain extent, the domestic commercial banks to expand their business and the autonomy of consciousness. "Unification" of thinking, as well as the banking system more rigid domestic commercial banks used to make the government's command, the lack of response to the economic situation to customers and the market as guide, based on the formulation and implementation of their own advantages for their own development strategies of motivation and ability.

       8.2 the development of intermediate business of commercial banks led to a substantial risk of financial regulation will make the existing system is facing tremendous pressure.

       The financial sector at the policy orientation of business limits the room for the development of intermediary business. Most of the middle of the business belonging to banks and non-bank financial institutions operating in the field of cross-cutting, so inrong the state's macroeconomic management policies of banks, non-bank financial institutions, the limited scope of business directly determines the intermediate business of commercial banks to open up space. I started in 1993 from a banking, securities, insurance, trust the strict separation of management, the banks can not create a cross-sectoral, comprehensive, multi-faceted business intermediate products, it is difficult to raise the level of business and level of intensive

       8.3 Bank charges among the business and the lack of standardization.

       In the absence of corresponding fees and charges based mechanism, the intermediary business difficult and hard to charge fees, particularly the phenomenon of table. Charges not specifically reflected in the financial institutions among the business no express provision charges. Difficult to charge in fees and charges due to lack of enforcement mechanism, financial institutions are afraid of arbitrary collection of charges the suspect.

       8.4 China's banking industry has developed the "marketing model" and the "marketing habit" has severely constrained the development of intermediary business.

       From foreign banks to expand business model point of view, primarily by the consumer to facilitate this, fast, safe and customer service benefits, are a typical "product marketing." As for the domestic banking industry, the product quality and price are often relegated to a secondary position, "relationship marketing" has become the domestic banking industry to explore the middle of the main mode of business. At present, commercial banks remain the main customer base to large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises, state-owned enterprises and property rights Fuzzy principal - agent problem makes enterprise managers pay more attention to the pursuit of personal interests, at this time the relationship between banks and their customers has become a successful product whether or not the key. ⑦

       Main References:

       ① Bank for International Settlements: "International Financial Market Development Report", published in 1999

       ② Ho five-star: "Financial Innovation in Development", Southwest University of Finance and Economics Press, 2000

       ③ Yang Ming-sheng: "Commercial Bank's Intermediary Business Products practical manual." Beijing, China Financial Publishing House, 2002

       ④ Peter ? Rose book, Liu Garden translation: "Commercial Bank Management", Beijing, Mechanical Industry Press, 2001

       ⑤ after lam-chun: "commercial banks intermediate innovative business risk prevention and control", containing "China's financial fortnightly" 2003

       Zhang Guohai ⑥: "Commercial Bank's Intermediary Business Development Strategy in the International Comparison", in "Financial Research", 2003

       ⑦姚德良: "I have been the middle of the commercial business development implied by the low level of research", in "Finance and Trade Economy", 2004

求原版英文文章

       佳答案

       现代生物学之父：查尔斯·达尔文

        2004/06/17 11:37 英语广场

       Father of Modern Biology: Charles Darwin

       Charles Darwin's whole life was changed by one lucky chance. In 1831, before he went on the voyage1 of the Beagle2, he was a very ordinary young man of twenty-two. No one in England—certainly not Darwin himself —had any idea of the future he had before him.

       His sister Caroline gave him his first lessons. He was both lazy and naughty, and everyone was glad that he went away to school after his mother's death when he was eight.

       Charles soon became a keen collector. He collected anything that caught his interest: insects3, seashells, coins and interesting stones. He said later that his collection prepared him for his work as a naturalist4.

       He was not a very clever boy, but Charles was good at doing the things that interested him. He also took pleasure in carrying out experiments. But he could not learn Latin and Greek which in those days were an important part of education. He was a disappointment to his father, who was sure that he would bring nothing but shame to himself and his family.

       In 1825, when Charles was sixteen, his father sent him to Edinburgh to study medicine, saying ：“As you like natural history5 so much, perhaps we can make a doctor of you.”

       But Charles found the lectures boring, and the dissections6 frightening. But at Edinburgh he was able to go to natural history lectures. In 1826 he read a paper on sea-worms to the Natural History Society. This paper was his first known work on this subject.

       Then his father decided to send Charles to Cambridge University to study to become a priest. With hard work, he did quite well. And, in the countryside around Cambridge, he was able to shoot, fish and collect insects.

       He seemed likely to become a country priest like hundreds of others, sharing his time between his work and his interest in natural history and country life. He had a deep faith in God and a lasting interest in religion7. At this time he did not doubt that every word of the Bible was true.

       Then a letter from Captain Robert FitzRoy changed his life. FitzRoy was planning to make a voyage around the world on a ship called the Beagle. He wanted a naturalist to join the ship, and Darwin was recommended8. That voyage was the start of Charles Darwin's great life work.

       In those days a great many people believed that every word written in the Bible was true. Darwin hoped that the plants and animals that they found in the course of their voyage would prove the truth of the Bible story of the great Flood9.

       He began to observe everything. When they got to Rio de Janeiro in South America, Charles was overcome with joy to see so many different creatures, so much life and colour. His notebooks were full of detailed observations.

       Then they reached dry land at Punta Alta. There Darwin discovered his first fossils10. Why, he wondered, were there horse bones at Punta Alta, when there had been no horses in the New World until Cortez brought his from Spain11?

       They came to Tierra del Fuego at the tip of South America. It was a strange place, with terrible storms. Its people grew no food, and they slept on the wet ground. Darwin observed their looks and habits.

       “How can people be so different, if all are descended12 from Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden?” Charles wondered.

       A trip into the mountains showed Darwin seashells at a height of 12,000 feet. Lower down were fossil trees.

       “So those trees once stood by the sea,” thought Darwin. “The sea came up and covered them. Then the sea-bed rose up...”. To a man who had been taught that every word in the Bible was true, this was very puzzling.

       In Chile, where Darwin saw earthquakes and volcanoes, he began to see what must have happened. The centre of the earth, he decided, was very hot. The surface of the earth was thinner in some places. It was in these places that earthquakes and volcanoes developed.

       As the Beagle sailed around the world, Darwin began to wonder how life had developed on earth. He saw volcanic islands in the sea, and wondered how living things had got there.

       But people who believed every word of the Bible thought that God had made all creatures and Man. But, if that was true, why did some of the fossils look like “mistakes” which had failed to change and, for that reason, died out?

       On went Beagle, to Tahiti13, New Zealand and Australia. There, Darwin saw coral and coral islands for the first time. How had these islands come about14? Soon, he had the answer. Coral was made up of the bodies of millions of tiny creatures, piled up over millions of years —a million years for each island. Darwin wrote it all down in his notebooks.

       After five years he was home. He was never again the healthy young man who climbed mountains and carried heavy bags of fossils for miles.

       He set to work, getting his collection in order. And, in 1839, he married his cousin15, Emma Wedgwood. It was a happy marriage with ten children. He could be found working in his study, with a child beside him.

       His first great work The Zoology of the Beagle was well received, but he was slow to make public his ideas on the origins16 of life. He was certainly very worried about disagreeing with the accepted views of the Church.

       Happily, the naturalists at Cambridge persuaded Darwin that he must make his ideas public. So Darwin and Wallace, another naturalist who had the same opinions as Darwin, produced a paper together. A year later Darwin's great book, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection appeared. It attracted a storm.

       People thought that Darwin was saying they were descended from monkeys. What a shameful idea! Although most scientists agreed that Darwin was right and that the story of Adam and Eve was merely a story, the Church was still so strong that Darwin never received any honours for his work.

       Many years later, he published his other great work, The Descent of Man. He gave a lecture at the Royal Institution17, when the whole audience stood up and clapped18.

       His health grew worse, but still he worked. “When I have to give up observation, I shall die,” he said. He was still working on 17, April, 1882. He was dead two days later.

       翻译

       现代生物学之父：查尔斯·达尔文

       一次偶然的机遇改变了查尔斯·达尔文的一生。1831年踏上贝格尔号的航程之前，他还是个普普通通的22岁青年。没有人，当然也包括他自己，知道他的未来是什么样子。

       姐姐卡罗琳教会了他许多人生第一课。他是个懒惰又淘气的孩子，8岁那年母亲去世后他总算进了学校，人人都为此而高兴。

       不久查尔斯爱上了收集，收集所有他感兴趣的东西：昆虫呀、海贝呀，还有硬币和奇形怪状的石头。他后来说这些收集为他成为博物学家打下了基础。

       查尔斯并不是个特别聪明的孩子，但只要感兴趣的事情他都做得很棒。他还喜欢做各种试验，但却学不好拉丁文和希腊文，这在当时的教育中可是很重要的一部分。父亲对他颇感失望，认定他只会一事无成，辱没家门。

       1825年，查尔斯16岁，父亲将他送到爱丁堡学医，说“既然你如此喜欢博物学，或许我们可以把你培养成一名医生。”

       但是查尔斯却烦透了那些讲座，也惧怕解剖，不过在爱丁堡他可以去听博物学方面的讲座。1826年，他在博物学社宣读了一篇有关海船蛀虫的文章，这是该领域中他第一篇为人所知的作品。

       随后他父亲决定送他去剑桥大学学习，将来当一名牧师。由于刻苦努力，他学得相当不错，而且得以在剑桥附近的乡村射猎、钓鱼以及收集各种昆虫。

       看来，他像数以百计的其他学生一样可能成为一位乡村牧师，工作的同时，还可以兼顾自己对博物学和乡村生活的兴趣。他笃信上帝，对宗教有不减的热情。当时他毫不怀疑《圣经》字字真实。

       可是一封来自罗伯特·菲茨洛伊船长的信改变了他的一生。菲茨洛伊计划驾驶“贝格尔号”海船做一次环球航行，他想要一位博物学家加盟，有人推荐了达尔文。此次航海成为查尔斯终生伟业的起点。

       那时很多人笃信《圣经》。达尔文希望航海过程中发现的各种动植物能证明《圣经》中有关那场洪水的文字确有其事。

       他开始对万物进行观察。他们到达南美洲的里约热内卢时，看到种类如此繁多的生物，那么生机盎然而色彩斑斓，查尔斯欣喜若狂，他的笔记本上全是详细的观察记录。

       随后他们到了Punta Alta 的干旱地带，达尔文在那儿发现了首批化石。奇怪的是，Cortez将马从西班牙带进美洲之前，Punta Alta是没有马的，为什么却有马骨化石呢？

       他们又去了南美洲南端的火地岛。那是个奇异的地方，狂风暴雨不断，当地人不种粮食作物，而且在湿漉漉的地上席地而眠。达尔文仔细观察他们的相貌和习惯。

       “如果人类都是伊甸园亚当和夏娃的后代，为什么又如此不同呢？”查尔斯感到纳闷。

       在海拔一万两千英尺的山上，达尔文发现了海贝，稍低处还有树木化石。

       达尔文想：“这么说这些树原来长在海边，海水上涨淹没了它们，后来海底上升了……。”对一个向来接受《圣经》字字箴言灌输的人来说，这真让人疑惑不解。

       在智利，达尔文亲眼目睹了地震和火山，他开始明白其中的原因。他认为，地球中心非常炽热，地球表面某些地方要薄一些，地震和火山往往爆发于这些地方。

       跟随着贝格尔号做环球航行，达尔文开始思考地球上生命的演变。他看到海中的火山岛，就会对那里生物的由来感到好奇。

       而笃信《圣经》的人认为所有的生物和人类都是上帝创造的。可果真如此，为什么有的化石看起来像是上帝的“失误”？它们未能适应变化，也因此而绝迹了。

       贝格尔号继续航行至塔希提岛、新西兰和澳大利亚。达尔文在那些地方第一次见到了珊瑚和珊瑚岛。这些岛是怎么形成的？很快，他就有了答案。珊瑚由数百万微小生物的遗骸组成，经过数百万年的堆积，每一百万年就形成了一座岛屿。达尔文将这一切写进他的笔记里。

       五年后他回到家，不再是那个能翻山越岭、并扛着沉重的化石一口气行走数英里的健康小伙儿了。

       他着手整理他的收集物。1839年，他和表妹艾玛·维奇伍德结婚，婚后生活幸福，育有十个孩子。人们发现他在书房工作时，总有一个孩子在身旁。

       他的第一部大作《贝格尔号的生态园》颇受欢迎，但他却不急于将自己对生命起源的看法公诸于世，他确实非常担心自己的理论与教会广为接受的观点发生冲突。

       所幸剑桥大学的博物学家们都劝说达尔文公开他的观点，因此达尔文和另一位持相同观点的博物学家瓦雷斯共同发表了一篇文章。一年后，他的巨著《物竞天择，物种起源》问世并掀起了轩然大波。

       人们认为达尔文在说人是猴子的后代，这种观点简直有失体面！虽然大多数科学家同意达尔文是对的，亚当和夏娃之说仅仅是故事而已，但教会的力量如此强大，这部著作没有给达尔文带来任何荣誉。

       许多年后，他出版了另一部名著《人类的演化》。他在皇家研究院作了一次演讲，全场听众一致起立为之鼓掌。

       他的健康每况愈下，但他工作不止，并说“我不得不放弃观察的时候，我也就完了。”1882年4月17日还在工作的他，两天以后与世长辞。

       这里有个十分简单的:1. Darwin's evolutionary theory and its impact

       Charles Darwin(1809-1882) was an English naturalist and author. His Origin of Species (1859) and Decent of Men (1871) exerted a strong impact in the history of Western thought. In his books, Darwin hypothesized that over the millennia man had evolved from lower forms of life. Humans were special, not because God had created them in His image, but because they had successfully adapted to changing environmental conditions and had passed on their survival?making characteristics genetically. Survival of the fittest is the fact or principle of the survival of the forms of plant and animal life best fitted for existing conditions, while related but less fit forms become extinct.

求关于社会化的英文材料，越多越好

       Memory Lane Isn't What It Used to Be

        About this time every year,I get very nostalgic.Walking through my neighorhooon a fall afternoon reminds me of a time not too long ago when sounds of children filled the air,children playing games on a hill,and throwing leaves around in the street below,I was one of those children,carefree and happy.I live on a street that is only one block long.I have lived on the same street for sixteen years.I love my street.One side has six houses on it,and the other has only two houses,with a small hill in the middle and a huge cottonwood tree on one end.When I think of home,I think of my street,only I see it as it was before.Unfortunately,things change.One day,not long ago,I looked around and saw how different everything has become.Life on my street will never be the same because neighbors are quickly growing old,friends are growing up and leaving,and the city is planning to destroy my precious hill and sell the property to contractors.

        It is hard for me to accept that many of my wonderful neighbors are growing old and won't be around much longer.I have fond memories of the couple across the street,who sat together on their porch swing almost every evening,the widow next door who yelled at my brother and me for being too loud,and the crazy old man in a black suit who drove an old car.In contrast to those people,the people I see today are very old neighbors who have seen better days.The man in the black suit says he wants to die,and another neighbor just sold his house and moved into a nursing home.The lady who used to yell at us is too tired to bother anymore,and the couple across the street rarely go out to their front porch these days.It is dufficult to watch these precious people as they near the end of their lives because at one time I thought they would live forever.

        The "comings and goings" of the younger generation of my street are now mostly "goings" as friends and peers move on.Once upon a time,my life and the lives of my peers revolved aroung home.The boundary of our world was the gutter at the end of the street. We got pleasure from playing night games,or from a breathtaking ride on a tricycle.Things are different now,as my friends become adults and move on.Children who rode tricycles now drive cars.The kids who once played with me now have new interests and values as they go their separate ways.Some have gone away to college,a few got married,two went into the army,and one went to prison.Watching all these people grow up and go away only makes me long for the good old days.

        Perhaps the biggest change on my street is the fact that the city is going to turn my precious hill into several lots for new homes.For sixteen years,the view out of my kitchen window has been a view of that hill.The hill was a fundamental part of my childhood life; it was the hub of social activity for the children of my street.We spent hours there building forts,sledding,and playing tag.The view out my kitchen window now is very different; it is one of tractors and dump trucks tearing up the hill.When the hill goes,the neighborhood will not be the same.It is a piece of my childhood.It is a visual reminder of being a kid. Without the hill,my street will just another pea in the pod.

        There was a time when my street was my world,and I thought my world would never change.But something happened. People grow up,and people grow old.Places change,and with the change comes the heartache of knowing I can never go back to the times I loved.In a year or so, I will be gone just like many of my neighbors. I will always look back to my years as a child,but the place I remember will not be the silent street whose peace is interrupted by the sounds of construction.It will be the happy ,noisy,somewhat strange,but wonderfull street I knew as a child.

        这是取自我的大学英语课程的阅读教程的一篇文章。我十分喜欢这篇文章，从第一眼看它，就觉得写得那么地真实，似乎切中我们的心怀。可能有很多人都是这样度过的，孩提时，熟悉的社区，当时我们会认为这是永远不会变得，父母，长辈也永远不会变老，同伴们也不会长大，永远会和我们一起玩耍。可是当我们渐渐长大，就发现什么都变了，有的年老者死去，有的年轻的同伴走出去，父母也渐渐头发花白。过去的记忆就只能是记忆保存在脑海中了。

describe a job you would like to do in the future

       .sg/books?hl=en&id=ctOIjOIWOXoC&dq=Socialization+&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=pX8Cutfrri&sig=NIi_XGore-fjYbbBS8NYsyAKeD4

       prehensive theory of society that responded to the emergence of modernity in which the concept of socialization was a central component. One of their interests was to try to understand the relationship between the individual and society – a distinctive theme in US sociology since the end of the nineteenth century. Ely Chinoy, in a 1960s standard textbook on sociology, says that socialization serves two major functions:

       On the one hand, it prepares the individual for the roles he is to play, providing him with the necessary repertoire of habits, beliefs, and values, the appropriate patterns of emotional response and the modes of perception, the requisite skills and knowledge. On the other hand, by communicating the contents of culture from one generation to the other, it provides for its persistence and continuity. (Chinoy, 1961: 75)

       For many reasons – not least his excessive approval of modern American life as the model social system and his inability to see how gender, race and class divisions discriminated against individuals in ways that were unjustifiable – Parsonian functionalism faded in popularity in the 1970s. Reacting to the functionalist notion of socialization English sociologist Graham White, writing in 1977 said:

       … it is no longer enough to focus on the malleability and passivity of the individual in the face of all powerful social influences. Without some idea about the individual’s own activity in shaping his social experience our perspective of socialisation becomes distorted. (White 1977: 5).

       During the last quarter of the twentieth century the concept of ‘socialization’ has been much less central to debates in sociology that have shifted their focus from identifying the functions of institutions and systems to describing the cultural changes of postmodernity. But the idea of socialization has lived on, particularly in debates about the family and education. The institutions of the family or the school are often blamed for their failure to socialize individuals who go on to transgress social norms. On the other hand, it is through a critique of functionalist ideas about socialization that there has been an increasing acceptance of a variety of family forms, of gender roles and an increasing tolerance of variations in the ways people express their social identity.

       Forms of socialization

       Sociologists may distinguish six kinds of socialization:

       Reverse socialization

       Developmental socialization

       Primary socialization

       Secondary socialization

       Anticipatory socialization

       Resocialization

       Primary socialization Primary socialization is the process whereby people learn the attitudes, values, and actions appropriate to individuals as members of a particular culture.

       For example if a child saw their mother expressing a discriminatory opinion about a minority group, then that child may think this behaviour is acceptable and could continue to have this opinion about minority groups.

       Secondary socialization Secondary socialization refers to process of learning what is appropriate behavior as a member of a smaller group within the larger society. It is usually associated with teenagers and adults, and involves smaller changes than those occurring in primary socialization. eg. entering a new profession, relocating to a new environment or society.

       Developmental socialization Developmental socialization is the process of learning behavior in a social institution or developing your social skills.

       Anticipatory socialization Anticipatory socialization refers to the processes of socialization in which a person "rehearses" for future positions, occupations, and social relationships.

       Resocialization Resocialization refers to the process of discarding former behavior patterns and accepting new ones as part of a transition in one's life. This occurs throughout the human life cycle (Schaefer & Lamm, 1992: 113). Resocialization can be an intense experience, with the individual experiencing a sharp break with their past, and needing to learn and be exposed to radically different norms and values. An example might be the experience of a young man or woman leaving home to join the military.

       Agents of Socialization

       Agents of socialization are the people and groups that influence our self-concept, emotions, attitudes, and behavior. (Henslin, 2006)

       The Family. Family is responsible for, among other things, determining one's attitudes toward religion and establishing career goals.

       The School. The school is the agency responsible for socializing groups of young people in particular skills and values in society.

       Peer groups. Peers refer to people who are roughly the same age and/or who share other social characteristics (e.g., students in a college class).

       The Mass Media.

       Other Agents: Religion, Work Place, The State.

       Media and socialization

       Theorists like Parsons and textbook writers like Ely Chinoy (1960) and Harry M. Johnson (1961) recognised that socialization didn’t stop when childhood ended. They realized that socialization continued in adulthood, but they treated it as a form of specialised education. Johnson (1961), for example, wrote about the importance of inculcating members of the US Coastguard with a set of values to do with responding to commands and acting in unison without question.

       Later scholars accused these theorists of socialization of not recognising the importance of the mass media which, by the middle of the twentieth century were becoming more significant as a social force. There was concern about the link between television and the education and socialization of children – it continues today – but when it came to adults, the mass media were regarded merely as sources of information and entertainment rather than moulders of personality. According to these scholars, they were wrong to overlook the importance of mass media in continuing to transmit the culture to adult members of society.[citation needed]

       In the middle of the twentieth century the pace of cultural change was accelerating, yet Parsons and others wrote of culture as something stable into which children needed to be introduced but which adults could simply live within. As members of society we need to continually refresh our ‘repertoire of habits, beliefs, and values, the appropriate patterns of emotional response and the modes of perception, the requisite skills and knowledge’ as Chinoy (1961: 75) put it.

       Some sociologists and theorists of culture have recognised the power of mass communication as a socialization device. Dennis McQuail recognises the argument:

       … the media can teach norms and values by way of symbolic reward and punishment for different kinds of behaviour as represented in the media. An alternative view is that it is a learning process whereby we all learn how to behave in certain situations and the expectations which go with a given role or status in society. Thus the media are continually offering pictures of life and models of behaviour in advance of actual experience. (McQuail 2005: 494)

       Total institutions

       The term "total institutions" was coined in 1963 by Erving Goffman, designed to describe a society which is socially isolated but still provides for all the needs of its members. Therefore, total institutions have the ability to resocialize people either voluntarily or involuntarily. For example, the following would be considered as total institutions: prisons, the military, mental hospitals and convents (Schaefer & Lamm, 1992: 113).

       Goffman lists four characteristics of such institutions:

       All aspects of life are conducted in the same place and under the same single authority.

       Each phase of a members daily activity is carried out in the immediate company of others. All members are treated alike and all members do the same thing together.

       Daily activities are tightly scheduled. All activity is superimposed upon the individual by a system of explicit formal rules.

       A single rational plan exists to fulfill the goals of the institution...

       Gender socialization and gender roles

       Henslin (1999:76) contends that "an important part of socialization is the learning of culturally defined gender roles." Gender socialization refers to the learning of behavior and attitudes considered appropriate for a given sex. Boys learn to be boys and girls learn to be girls. This "learning" happens by way of many different agents of socialization. The family is certainly important in reinforcing gender roles, but so are one’s friends, school, work and the mass media. Gender roles are reinforced through "countless subtle and not so subtle ways" (1999:76).

       Resocialization

       Resocialization is a sociological concept dealing with the process of mentally and emotionally "re-training" a person so that he or she can operate in an environment other than that which he or she is accustomed to. Resocialization into a total institution involves a complete change of personality. Key examples include the process of resocializing new recruits into the military so that they can operate as soldiers (or, in other words, as members of a cohesive unit) and the reverse process, in which those who have become accustomed to such roles return to society after military discharge.

       resocialization

       Socialization for animal species

       The process of intentional socialization is central to training animals to be kept by humans in close relationship with the human environment, including pets and working dogs.

       Ferality

       Feral animals can be socialized with varying degrees of success. Feral children are children who lack socially accepted communication skills. Reports of feral children, such as those cited by Kingsley Davis, have largely been shown to be exaggerations, or complete fabrications, with regards to the specific lack of particular skills; for example, bipedalism.

       Cats

       For example, the cat returns readily to a feral state if it has not been socialized properly in its young life. A feral cat usually acts defensively. People often unknowingly own one and think it is merely "unfriendly."

       These cats, if left to proliferate, often become "pests" in populated neighborhoods by decimating the bird population and digging up people's yards. Feral cats are sometimes helpful when used in agriculture to keep rodent and snake populations down. Such cats are often referred to as "barn" cats.

       Socializing cats older than six months can be very difficult. It is often said that they cannot be socialized. This is not true, but the process takes two to four years of diligent food bribes and handling, and mostly on the cat's terms. Eventually the cat may be persuaded to be comfortable with humans and the indoor environment.

       Kittens learn to be feral either from their mothers or through bad experiences. They are more easily socialized when under six months of age. Socializing is done by keeping them confined in a small room (ie. bathroom) and handling them for 3 or more hours each day. There are three primary methods for socialization, used individually or in combination. The first method is to simply hold and pet the cat, so it learns that such activities are not uncomfortable. The second is to use food bribes. The final method is to distract the cat with toys while handling them. The cat may then be gradually introduced to larger spaces. It is not recommended to let the cat back outside because that may cause it to revert to its feral state. The process of socialization often takes three weeks to three months for a kitten.

       Animal shelters either foster feral kittens to be socialized or kill them outright. The feral adults are usually killed or euthanized, due to the large time commitment, but some shelters and vets will spay or neuter and vaccinate a feral cat and then return it to the wild.

       Dogs

       In domesticated dogs, the process of socialization begins even before the puppy's eyes open. Socialization refers to both its ability to interact acceptably with humans and its understanding of how to communicate successfully with other dogs. If the mother is fearful of humans or of her environment, she can pass along this fear to her puppies. For most dogs, however, a mother who interacts well with humans is the best teacher that the puppies can have. In addition, puppies learn how to interact with other dogs by their interaction with their mother and with other adult dogs in the house.

       A mother's attitude and tolerance of her puppies will change as they grow older and become more active. For this reason most experts today recommend leaving puppies with their mother until at least 8 to 10 weeks of age. This gives them a chance to experience a variety of interactions with their mother, and to observe her behavior in a range of situations.

       It is critical that human interaction takes place frequently and calmly from the time the puppies are born, from simple, gentle handling to the mere presence of humans in the vicinity of the puppies, performing everyday tasks and activities. As the puppies grow older, socialization occurs more readily the more frequently they are exposed to other dogs, other people, and other situations. Dogs who are well socialized from birth, with both dogs and other species (especially people) are much less likely to be aggressive or to suffer from fear-biting.

       References

       Chinoy, Ely (1961) Society: An Introduction to Sociology, New York: Random House.

       Clausen, John A. (ed.) (1968) Socialization and Society, Boston: Little Brown and Company.

       Johnson, Harry M. (1961) Sociology: A Systematic Introduction, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

       McQuail, Dennis (2005) McQuail’s Mass Communication Theory: Fifth Edition, London: Sage.

       Parsons, Talcott and Bales, Robert (1956) Family, Socialization and Interaction Process, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

       White, Graham (1977) Socialisation, London: Longman.

       Michael Paul Rhode, Smithsonian Dep. of Anthropology

       See also

       Internalization

       Reciprocal socialization

       Social construction

       structure and agency

       社会化是一个社会学、社会心理学与教育学上的名词，指学习所处文化，并逐渐适应於其中的过程。对个人来说，社会化是学习同时扮演社会上不同的角色的过程。个人社会化会受到地区文化的影响，因个人的成长背景，社会化的过程、内容也会随之改变。

关于自主学习的英语作文

       i want to be a translator ..and of course i know i can earn more money through interpreting the language..at the same time ..i can learn the culture by making friends with the foreigners....maybe u will ask ..y it can be made more money through interpreting...

        according to the research..i know language interpreting is a golden job in china..and the interpretors are needed most ....

        the most important thing..i love language learning..it is fantastic to combine the job with my hobby...isnt it?

       自主学习的英文作文

       高中版

       On Self-study

       Autonomous learningis an important learning style in distance education .It is an essential skillfor distance learners because they study alone most of the time. They do notmeet their tutors or classmates very often. However, distance learners canlearn a lot from each other .So autonomous learning and collaborative learninggo hand in hand. I am a distance learner. I have to do most learning tasks bymyself .Meanwhile we have group activities every two weeks to complete somelearning tasks or share experiences .I have found both forms of learning very helpful.

       大学版

       About the definition of autonomous learning, the scholars at home and abroad are defined a lot, but is basically similar, it can be summarized as follows: based on self-consciousness development on the basis of "can learn, Based on students' learning motivation is the intrinsic basis to learn "," Based on the students master the basis of learning strategies, "will learn, Based on the basis of volitive efforts "to learn" . Summarizes the research results of scholars at home and abroad, we found that the basic characteristics of autonomous learners has the following: to purposefully. Clear aim, learning attitude, to learn, to know the values actively planning and arrange their own learning.can selectively learning. Can accurately choose learning contents, swim in the ocean of information, information is keen sensibility, capture and understanding, and can effectively found, collection, information acquisition, processing and creation. can learn originality. Not satisfied ready-made answers to study results, or content can be independent thinking, thinking, can multi-directional from diverse perspectives to know the same things, and put them together, creating something new, or creative use to adapt to the new situation, the new question, and constantly expand their horizons. in studying on the self-regulation. For their learning motivation, interest, strategies, and learning results have self-knowledge and control ability, can be found in the study is sensitive to emerge or problem, targeted measures. To their future life and study have good vision and imagination, and have the desire to achieve the ideal and sense of responsibility. could adapt to the life of individuals, and know the rules, and observe for group, the group. With the intention and interpersonal communication ability, and group members, respect each other, according to individual needs consciously assume and convert their role in group activities, in active learning. good construction entity study group or online learning group, participate in constructing and maintaining learners community .

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