mitotic_mitotic spindle

mitotic_mitotic spindle

       很高兴有机会和大家一起谈论mitotic的话题。这个问题集合包含了一些常见和深入的问题，我将详细回答每一个问题，并分享我的见解和观点。

1.细胞周期概念？

2.白细胞循环池在哪里

3.刘江东的代表性论文

4.形态的英文词汇讲解

5.人的细胞转换期是180天吗

细胞周期概念？

       细胞周期（cell cycle），是指能持续分裂的真核细胞从一次有丝分裂(mitosis)结束后生长，再到下一次分裂结束的循环过程。细胞周期的长短反映了细胞所处状态，这是一个细胞物质积累与细胞分裂的循环过程。癌变的细胞以及特定阶段的胚胎细胞常常有异常的分裂周期。

       总的看来，细胞周期通常可划分为分裂间期（interphase）和分裂期（mitotic phase或division phase），分裂间期是物质准备和积累阶段，分裂期则是细胞增殖的实施过程。整个周期表示为：G1期→S期→G2期→M期

       其中分裂间期又常常可以划分为DNA合成前期（G1,gap 1），DNA合成期（S, synthesis）和DNA合成后期（G2, gap2）。在此期间的任务主要是完成染色质中的DNA复制和相关蛋白质的合成。

       细胞进入G1期可能出现三种情况，其中暂不继续增殖,如骨髓干细胞和处于不利状态下的癌细胞，但在某些刺激下，这些细胞又可以积习生长分裂，因此有人把这种非增殖状态的G1期细胞称为G0期细胞。以区别处于增殖状态的G1期细胞。

       而分裂期通常分作分裂前期(Prophase)、前中期(Prometaphase)、中期(Metaphase)、后期(Anaphase)和末期(Telophase)5个阶段，在此期间进行细胞物质的平均分配并形成两个新的细胞。

       细胞周期的进行是由不同的周期素(Cyclin)所调控。周期素意味着这些蛋白质的表现量会随着细胞周期的进行而有所变化，进而确认周期素原来是扮演细胞周期调控的角色。依照目前的认知，就如同细胞周期G1期->S期->G2期->M期的进行，在G1期大量表现的周期素D(cyclin D)渐渐的由周期素E(cyclin)取代，而之后的变化则是E->A->B。

       而除了周期素决定细胞何时进入下一个周期以外，细胞周期检查点则是扮演监督的角色，只要细胞尚未做好预备复制—分裂的的话，检查点就会活化，一方面停滞周期蛋白的功能，另一方面则可以争取更多准备的时间。

       无论是周期素或检查点功能发生异常，那细胞往往在M期时无法顺利进行分裂过程而走向细胞凋亡，只有极少数的细胞可以逃过这个劫难，最后演化成癌细胞

白细胞循环池在哪里

       Lesson Three（2学时） Cellular Reproduction: Mitosis and Meiosis 教学目的：使学生掌握细胞的有丝分裂和无丝分裂的作用机理，有丝分裂和无丝分裂之间的区别和相同点。相关英语词汇以及主要用法。教学重点：有丝分裂和无丝分裂中相关的概念和功能，及相关英语词汇的掌握教学难点：专业英语词汇的记忆讲授方法：以学生翻译为主，老师讲解相关专业知识辅助学生理解授课时间：4月12日教学内容： The Nucleus and ChromosomesThe cell nucleus is the main repository of genetic information. Within the nucleus are the chromosomes tightly coiled strands of DNA and clusters of associated proteins. Long stretches of the continuous DNA molecule wind around these clusters of proteins, or histones, forming beadlike complexes known as nucleosomes. More coiling and supercoiling produces a dense chromosome structure. Each long strand of DNA combines with histones and nonhistone proteins to make up the substance chromatin.细胞核是贮藏遗传信息的主要场所。DNA盘绕成螺旋线以及相关的成簇蛋白质。DNA螺旋线缠绕成簇的组蛋白形成珠链状的核小体。这些螺旋和超螺旋形成致密的染色体组结构。每个长链DNA与组蛋白和非组蛋白一起构成染色质物质。A pictorial display of an organism's chromosomes in the coiled, condensed state is known as a karyotype. Karyotype reveal that in most cells all but sex chromosomes are present as two copies, referred to as homologous pairs. Non-sex chromosomes are called autosomes. Organisms whose cells contain two sets of parental chromosomes are called diploid; those with cells containing a single set of parental chromosomes are called haploid. 染色体致密的超螺旋状态我们称染色体组。除了性染色体外，大多数细胞的染色体组成对出现，称同源染色体对。非性染色体称常染色体。生物细胞含有两套父母本染色体的称二倍体；含有单套染色体的称单倍体。The Cell CycleThe cell cycle is a regular sequence in which the cell grows, prepares for division, and divides to form two daughter cells, each of which then repeats the cycle. Such cycling in effect makes single-celled organisms immortal. Many cells in multicellular organisms, including animal muscle and nerve cells, either slow the cycle or break out of it altogether.在细胞生长过程中，细胞循环遵循特定程序，分裂准备，分裂成2个子细胞，子细胞再循环。此循环使得单细胞永生。多细胞生物中的许多细胞，包括动物肌肉和神经细胞，要么降低循环速度，要么同时分裂。The normal cell cycle consists of four phases. The first three include G1, the period of normal metabolism; S phase, during which normal synthesis of biological molecules continues, DNA is replicated, and histones are synthesized; and G2, a brief period of metabolism and additional growth. Together the G1, S, and G2 phases are called interphase. The fourth phase of the cell cycle is M phase, the period of mitosis, during which the replicated chromosomes condense and move and the cell divides. It is believed that properties of the cell cytoplasm control the cell cycle, along with external stimulators and inhibitors such as chalones.正常细胞循环由4个时期组成。头三期包括G1,正常新陈代谢；S期,正常新陈代谢同时，DNA复制，组蛋白合成； G2 期，短期的新陈代谢和少许生长。G1, S, 和G2称分裂间期。最后是M期，有丝分裂期，复制的染色体组浓缩，移动并细胞分裂。据称是染色质控制了细胞循环，伴随外部激活因子和抑制因子如抑素。 Mitosis: Partitioning the Hereditary MaterialBiologists divide the mitotic cycle into four phases. At the beginning of prophase the chromosomes each consist of two highly condensed chromatids attached to each other at a centromere. As prophase ends and metaphase begins, the condensed chromosomes become associated with the spindle. Eventually the chromosomes become arranged in a plane (called the metaphase plate) at a right angle to the spindle fibers. Next, during anaphase, the two sister chromatids of each chromosome split, and one from each pair is drawn toward each pole of the cell. During telophase nuclear envelopes begin to form around each set of chromosomes, and division of the cytoplasm takes place.生物学家将有丝分裂划分为4个阶段。分裂前期，高度浓缩的两个染色单体通过着丝粒连接在一起。在分裂前期后期和分裂中期前期，浓缩的染色体与纺锤体相连，最后以正确的角度排列在赤道板上。在分裂后期，两个姊妹单体分离，分别拽向细胞两极。在分裂末期，在每套染色体周围形成核膜，细胞质发生分裂。As mitosis proceeds, the spindle microtubules play a crucial role in ensuring that both paired and separated chromatids move in the right directions at the proper times. Each half of the spindle forms as microtubules extend from each pole of a dividing cell to the region of the metaphase plate. During prophase, other microtubules, the centromeric fibers, extend outward from the spindle poles to structures on the chromosomes called kinetochores. During anaphase the fibers begin to shorten, and the chromatids begin to move apart.在有丝分裂过程中，是纺锤体微管确保了染色单体在适当时间以正确方向进行分离。纺锤体微管由两极向赤道板延伸。在分裂前期，其它微管，着丝粒纤维延伸到染色体的动粒。在分裂后期，纤维开始变短，染色单体分离。The spindle forms differently in plant and animal cells. In animals it is associated with centriole, while in plant and fungal cells spindle formation is associated with reions called microtubule organizing centers. 植物和动物细胞形成的纺锤体不同。动物细胞与中心粒相连，而在植物和真菌细胞中，纺锤体与微管组织中心的离子相连。 Cytokinesis: Partitioning the Cytoplasm胞质分裂：细胞质分离The division of the cell cytoplasm at the end of mitosis is called cytokinesis. In animal cells it takes place as a ring of actin filaments contracts around the cell equator, pinching the cell in two. In plant cells, which are bounded by a cell wall, cytokinesis involves the building of a new cell plate across the dividing cell at its equator. Cell wall material is then deposited in the region of the cell plate. 在动物细胞中，环形肌动蛋白丝延赤道板收缩而使细胞一分为二。在植物细胞中，在赤道板形成新的细胞板。Meiosis: The Basis of Sexual ReproductionMeiosis is a special form of cell division that takes place in the reproductive organs that produce sex cells. Like mitosis, it takes place after DNA replication has occurred and involves two sequential nuclear divisions (meiosis I and meiosis Ⅱ). These divisions result in four daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell. The phenomenon of crossing over during meiosis results in exchanges of genetic information between chromosomes. Hence, the homologous chromosomes distributed to different progeny cells are not identical.减数分裂是性细胞分裂的特殊形式。如有丝分裂，它也是发生在DNA复制后并有连续的两个核分裂。产生4个子细胞，分别含有亲本一半的染色体数。As in mitosis two chromatids exist for each chromosome at the beginning of prophase 1. During this phase the homologous chromosomes undergo synapsis, or pairing, which is brought about by a bridging structure of proteins and RNA called the synaptonemal complex. The homologous pairs stay together when they align on the metaphase plate. Unlike the anaphase of mitosis, however, during anaphase I the two chromatids of each chromosome stay joined at the centromere and move together to one of the two poles of the cell. It is this event that results in the halving of the chromosome number in the four daughter cells that result from meiosis.正如在有丝分裂中一样，两个同源染色单体通过蛋白质和RNA桥配对形成联会复合体。与有丝分裂不同的是，每组染色体的两个染色单体连接在着丝点上并一起移向细胞两极的一级。由此而导致4个子细胞染色体数减半。During telophase I nuclear envelopes enclose the chromosomes in nuclei, and in most species cytokinesis (the first nuclear division) follows. The second nuclear division begins with metaphase Ⅱ, in which the chromosomes in each daughter cell again align on a metaphase plate. The centromeres finally divide, and each sister chromatid moves to one of the poles of the spindle. The next phase is telophase , followed again by cytokinesis. The result of the entire process is four haploid cells in which parental chromosomes are randomly distributed.第二次核分裂开始于分裂中期，子细胞中染色体重新排列在赤道板上。着丝粒最终分离，每个姊妹染色单体分向两极。接着胞质分裂。产生4个单倍体，父母染色体随机分配。Asexual Versus Sexual ReproductionMitosis and meiosis, respectively, make simple cell division and sexual reproduction possible. Each means of passing on hereditary information has advantages. In asexual reproduction the parent organism gives rise to offspring that are genetic clones of the parent. The advantages of this type of reproduction are that it preserves the parent's successful genetic complement, requires little or no specialization of reproductive organs, and is more rapid than sexual reproduction. A major disadvantage of the asexual mode is that a single catastrophic event or disease may destroy an entire population of genetically identical organisms. A prime benefit of sexual reproduction is that it provides genetic variability and a ready mechanism for the elimination of deleterious mutations. It also allows "new" gene forms to arise and spread through populations. 有丝分裂和减数分裂在传递遗传信息过程中各有优势。体细胞的繁殖就是父母本的克隆，其优势是保留了父母本的成功遗传信息，不需要特殊器官，比性复制快的多。但一个简单灾难性事件或疾病都可能摧毁一个细胞群体。性复制的优势是它提供了遗传可变性和现存排除有害突变的机制。也可以产生新的基因并在种群中蔓延。课后作业：第一篇阅读材料答案：1C,2B,3D,4B,5A,6D

刘江东的代表性论文

       白细胞一般有活跃的移动能力，白细胞除存在于血液和淋巴中外，也广泛存在于血管、淋巴管以外的组织中。循环池就是流动血液中的白细胞，所谓“池”的概念只是人为提出的，为了方便理解白细胞的活动规律，并不真的存在于机体的一个什么地方。

       白细胞计数时所得的白细胞值仅为循环池的粒细胞数。边缘池及循环池的粒细胞之间可以互相换位，并经常保持着动态平衡。

       由于许多因素的影响，这两个池中的粒细胞可一过性地从一方转向另一方面，从而导致白细胞计数结果呈较大幅度甚至成倍的波动。这一点在分析白细胞计数结果时必须予考虑。进入血液的粒细胞约平均停留10h之后，即逸出血管壁而进入组织内或者体腔中，以行使其防御功能。

       这些细胞一般不再返回血管，在组织中发挥功能作用的时间为1-2天，其后即消失。消亡的粒细胞由骨髓释放的新生粒细胞加以补充，而保持外围血中白细胞数量的相对恒定。

扩展资料

       一个原粒细胞经过增殖发育，最终生成8-32个分顺核粒细胞。目前常根据其发育阶段而将粒细胞群人为地划分为分裂池（mitoticpool）、成熟池(matyrationpool)、贮备池(storagepool)、循环池(circulatimgpool)等。

       一般认为从原粒细胞发育为分叶核细胞共需10天左右。这一过程是在骨髓内进行。贮备池中的杆状核及分叶核粒细胞仅有约1/20释放到周血中，大部分则仍存于贮备池内以便不断地补充损耗及应急需。

       成熟细胞进入积压液后构成况积压液粒细胞池，该池中约半数的粒细胞游离运行于血循环之中，构成循环粒细胞池。另一半则险着于血管内壁而形成边缘粒细胞池。

       百度百科-白细胞

形态的英文词汇讲解

       （1）+Gang Zhao, Qixing Yu, Weiwei Zhang, Yanmei Zhang, Ji Chen, Hua Long, Jiangdong Liu*. The 5S rDNA related repetitive sequences in the sex chromosomes of the spiny eel (Mastacembelus aculeatus). Cytogenetic and Genome Research, 2008,121:143-148. (IF=2.4)

       （2）+Ji Chen, Yuanshuai Fu, Dong Xiang, Gang Zhao, Hu Long, Jiangdong Liu*, Qixing Yu*. XX/XY heteromorphic sex chromosome systems in two bullhead catfish species, Liobagrus marginatus and L.styani (Amblycipitidae, Siluriformes). Cytogenetic and Genome Research, 2008, 122:169-174. (IF=2.4)

       （3）+Jiangdong Liu, Meisheng Yi, Gang Zhao, Fei Zhou, Dengqiang Wang, Qixing Yu*. Sex chromosomes in the spiny eel (Mastacembelus aculeatus) revealed by mitotic and meiotic analysis. Cytogenetic and Genome Research, 2002, 98:291-297. (IF=2.4)

       （4）Zhao Gang, Yu Qixing, Chen Ji, Wang Boping, Zang Yating, Liu Jiangdong*. Repetitive DNA sequences from the X chromosome of the spiny eel (Mastacembelus aculeatus).Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences(武汉大学学报自然科学外文版), 2009, 14(2): 183- 188.

       （5）+Meisheng Yi, Yanqiu Li, Jiangdong Liu, Li Zhou, Qixing Yu, Jianfang Gui*. Molecular cytogenetic detection of paternal chromosome fragments in allogynogenetic gibel carp. Chromosome Research, 2003, 11(7): 665-671. (IF=3.5)

       （6）陈戟，赵刚，余其兴，刘江东*.刺鳅（Mastacembelus aculeatus）X 染色体DNA文库的构建。水生生物学报，2008,33(4):571-575.

       （7）张伟伟, 张衍梅, 赵刚, 陈戟, 刘江东, 余其兴*.DOP-PCR阴性对照中的产物分析及引物浓度的优化.武汉大学学报（理学版），2006，52（2）：220-224.

       （8）张小艳, 赵刚, 刘江东, 龙华, 陈戟, 余其兴*.稀有鮈鲫Sox基因的克隆及序列分析.2006,52 (2):213-219.

       （9）周菲，赵刚，刘江东，陈戟，张小艳，余其兴*.斑马鱼二价体制备与多重带显带的方法学探讨.遗传学报，2004，31(5):474-479.

       （10）刘江东*，赵刚，邓凤姣，马文涛，邱金凤.细胞生物学实验教程.2005年，武汉大学出版社.

       （11）赵刚，刘江东，顾海，倪娅.医学细胞生物学实验教程，科学出版社，2008.

       （12）丁明孝等主编，苏都莫日根，邹方东，王宏英，刘江东等编写.细胞生物学实验指南，高等教育出版社，2009.

       (13) Zhang YM, Li F, Sun DC, Liu JD, Liu Na, Yu QX. Molecular analysis shows differential expression of R-Spondin1 in zebrafish (Danio rerio) gonads. Molecular biology reports. (accepted)

人的细胞转换期是180天吗

       　形态的英文： shape

       　form

       　pattern

参考例句：

       　morphologic - biochemical peculiarity

       　形态-生化特征

       　unsustainable patterns of production and consumption

       　不可持续的生产和消费形态

       　Preadult anxieties;the preadult morph.

       　成年前的忧虑；成年前的形态

       　Interpretations based on the possible existence of a dendritic pattern are somewhat speculative.

       　以树枝状形态的可能存在为基础的解释是有些冒险的。

       　The principal aqueous forms of arsenic are the arsenite ion.

       　砷在液体中的主要形态是亚砷酸离子。

       　Interpretations based on the possible existence of a dendritic pattern are somewhat speculative

       　以树枝状形态的可能存在为基础的解释是有些冒险的。

       　The funnel-shaped self-potential curve of the eocene sands is well marked

       　始新统砂层的漏斗形自然电位曲线形态很明显。

       　We were schooner - rigged and rakish,with a long and lissome hull(bJohn Masefield)

       　我们的'船挂有大帆，流线形，船身长，形态优美(b约翰·梅斯菲尔德)

       　We were schooner - rigged and rakish,with a long and lissome hull(John Masefield)

       　我们的船挂有大帆，流线形，船身长，形态优美(约翰·梅斯菲尔德)

       　Because speechmakeing is a form of power, it carries with it heavy ethical responsibilities.

       　因为演讲是力量的一种表现形态，它承载着很重的道德责任

shape是什么意思：

       　n. 外形，模糊的东西；情况；生活方式；身段；成形之物

       　v. 做成某物的形状；对…有重大影响；使合身；准备；使朝…发展；模仿

       　Of,relating to,or shaped like the mitotic aster;star - shaped.

       　星状体的有丝分裂星状体的，与之相关的，或似其形状的;星星状的

       　That are inexorably shaping the world of tomorrow.

       　这将无情地影响明日的世界。

       　To take physical form or shape.

       　形体化采取物质的形式或成形

form是什么意思 ：

       　n. 形状；种类；形态，形式；状态；表格

       　v. 形成，产生；组织；塑造；排队

       　Conglomerate:To form or cause to form into an adhering or rounded mass.

       　使聚集成块:形成或使形成紧贴在一起或圆形的块体.

       　Tranquillity sudden, vast, candescent: form of forms

       　突兀、浩翰、炽烈的静穆:形态的形态。

       　The design is formed with triangles.

       　图案是由三角形构成的。

pattern是什么意思：

       　n. 模式；典范；榜样；花样，图案；样品

       　v. 构成图案；以图案装饰；模仿

       　aircraft in the pattern

       　起落航线上的飞机

       　a crisscross pattern

       　十字形图案

       　It has a plaid pattern.

       　它是用彩格图案做的。

       培养细胞生长过程：潜伏期→指数增生期→停滞期?

一、潜伏期(latent phase)： 细胞接种后,先经过一个在培养液中呈悬浮状态的悬浮期.此时,细胞质回缩, 胞体呈圆球形.然后细胞贴附于载体表面,称贴壁,悬浮期结束. 细胞贴壁速度与细胞种类, 培养基成分,载体的理化性质等密切相关。一般情况下，原代培养细胞贴壁速度慢,可达10-24 小时或更多, 而传代细胞系贴壁速度快, 通常10-30 分钟即可贴壁。细胞贴壁后还需经过一个潜伏阶段，才进入生长和增殖期.原代培养细胞潜伏期，约24-96 小时或更长, 连续细胞系和肿瘤细胞潜伏期短，仅需6-24 小时。?

二、指数增生期(logarithmic growth phase) 这是细胞增殖最旺盛的阶段，分裂相细胞增多。指数增生期细胞分裂相数量可作为判定细胞生长是否旺盛的一个重要标志。通常以细胞分裂相指数（Mitotic index, MI）表示，即细胞群中每1000 个细胞中的分裂相数。一般细胞的分裂指数介于0.1%-0.5%，原 代细胞分裂指数较低，而连续细胞和肿瘤细胞分裂相指数可高达3％－5％。 指数增生期的细胞是细胞活力最好时期，是进行各种实验最佳时期，也是冻存细胞的最好时机。在接种细胞数量适宜情况下，指数增生期持续3－5 天后，随着细胞数量不断增多、生长空间减少，最后细胞相互接触汇合成片。正常细胞相互接触后能抑制细胞运动，这种现象称接触抑制现象(contact inhibition)。而恶性肿瘤细胞无接触抑制现象，能继续移动和增殖，导致细胞向三维空间扩展，使细胞发生堆积（piled up）。细胞接触汇合成片后，虽然发生接触抑制，但只要营养充分，细胞仍能进行增殖分裂，因此细胞数仍然在增多。但是，当细胞密度进一步增大，培养液中营养成分减少，代谢产物增多时，细胞因营养枯竭和代谢产物的影响，导致细胞分裂停止，这种现象称密度抑制现象（Density Inhibition）。?

三、停滞期(Stagnate phase) 细胞数量达到饱和密度后，如不及时进行传代，细胞就会停止增殖，进入停止期。此时细胞数持平，故也称平台期（Plateau phase）。停滞期细胞虽不增殖，但仍有代谢活动。如不进行分离传代，细胞会因培养液中营养耗尽、代谢产物积聚、pH 下降等因素中毒，出现形态改变，贴壁细胞会脱落，严重的会发生死亡，因此，应及时传代。

       好了，今天关于mitotic就到这里了。希望大家对mitotic有更深入的了解，同时也希望这个话题mitotic的解答可以帮助到大家。